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百度　　通过自主创新和集成创新，中国散裂中子源在加速器、靶站、谱仪方面取得了一系列重大技术成果。

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???????????????? ??? ????? ???????, ??? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????????. ??? ???????????? ??? ????????????????? ?????. ????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????, ???????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ???????. ???????????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???, ?????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????, ?????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??????????????. ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????????????, ????????? ????????????, ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????, ????????????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ??????????? ????? ????????????????? ???? ????????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????????, ?????????????? ???????? ???. ?????? ?????? ??????????????????? ?????????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????.

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????? ?????? ????????????? ?????. '??', '??' ??????? '???₃'. ??????? ??????????? ???₃ ?????? ???₃ ??????.

'??' ???? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????.
'??' ???? ??????????, ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????, ?????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ??????????, ????????????? ???????? ????????? ???????????.
'???₃' ???? ?????????? ??????????????? ????? ??????-???????, ???????????? ????? ??????????? ???????????.

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???????????, ???? ???????, ????? ???????, ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????????. ???????? ??? ??????? ???? '???????' ??????????. ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????. ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????. ???????? 108 ?????????????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????. ???????? ????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ??????. ????? ????????????? ???. ????? ???? ??????????, ?????????????????? ?????? ??????????, ??????? ??????, ??????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ???????????????? ?????? ????????, ???????????????, ???????, ??????????? ??????? ??????????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????????????????? ???????? ?????????????. ?????? ?????????????? (18??? ??????????) ????? ???????? ????? 108 ???????????????????? ??? ?????????????. ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????????? ???? ??????????????????? ??????????? ????, ??? ??? ????????????????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????????.

108 ????????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????:

10 ??????? ???????????. ???????:

??? ????? ???????? (????? ?????????? - ??????? ????)
??? ???????? (??? ????? - ?????? ????)
?????????? (???????????? ????? - ????????? ????)
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????????? ???????? (?????? ?????)
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??????????? ???????? (?????????? ????? - ???? ????, ?????????? ????)
??????????? (??? ????? - ???? ????)

????????,

10 ??????? ????????? ?????????

32 ??????? ?????????????? ?????????

19 ????? ?????????????? ?????????

16 ??? ????????? ?????????

31 ?????? ??????????????????.

??????? ????? ?????????????????, ??? 98 ???

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???? ??????????? 112 ??????? ??????????? ????????????????????. ????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ???????????. ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????. ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????????.

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??.?.??. 700 ??? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?????????????????. ???

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??.?.??. 600–500 ??? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????????????????. ???

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??.?.??. 500–400 ??? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????????????????. ???

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??.?.??. 200–100 ??? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????????????????. ???

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??. ?. ????????, (2004), ?????? ???????? ?????????. ?????????: ?????????? ?????????.
???? ?????????, ????????? ???????? ????????, ?????? ?????????

?????????? ???????????

?????? ?????????

???????????

↑ The shared concepts include rebirth, samsara, karma, meditation, renunciation and moksha.^[4]
↑ The Upanishadic, Buddhist and Jain renunciation traditions form parallel traditions, which share some common concepts and interests. While Kuru-?????????, at the central Ganges Plain, formed the center of the early Upanishadic tradition, ???? ????-??? ???? at the central Ganges Plain formed the center of the other ????? traditions.^[5]

?????????

↑ "Upanishad". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Wendy Doniger (1990), Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism, 1st Edition, University of Chicago Press, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0226618470, pages 2-3; Quote: "The Upanishads supply the basis of later Hindu philosophy; they are widely known and quoted by most well-educated Hindus, and their central ideas have also become a part of the spiritual arsenal of rank-and-file Hindus."
↑ Wiman Dissanayake (1993), Self as Body in Asian Theory and Practice (Editors: Thomas P. Kasulis et al), State University of New York Press, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0791410806, page 39; Quote: "The Upanishads form the foundations of Hindu philosophical thought and the central theme of the Upanishads is the identity of Atman and Brahman, or the inner self and the cosmic self.";
Michael McDowell and Nathan Brown (2009), World Religions, Penguin, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-1592578467, pages 208-210
↑ Olivelle 1998, ?. xx-xxiv.
↑ Samuel 2010.
↑ Gavin Flood (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0521438780, pp. 35–39
↑ A Bhattacharya (2006), Hindu Dharma: Introduction to Scriptures and Theology, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0595384556, pp. 8–14; George M. Williams (2003), Handbook of Hindu Mythology, ??????????? ????????????? ?????????, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0195332612, p. 285
↑ Jan Gonda (1975), Vedic Literature: (Sa?hitās and Brāhma?as), Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-3447016032
↑ Patrick Olivelle (2014), The Early Upanisads, Oxford University Press, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0195352429, page 3; Quote: "Even though theoretically the whole of vedic corpus is accepted as revealed truth [shruti], in reality it is the Upanishads that have continued to influence the life and thought of the various religious traditions that we have come to call Hindu. Upanishads are the scriptures par excellence of Hinduism".
↑ Max Müller, The Upanishads, Part 1, Oxford University Press, page LXXXVI footnote 1

?????? ??????????

Edgerton, Franklin (1965). The Beginnings of Indian Philosophy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Embree, Ainslie T. (1966). The Hindu Tradition. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-394-71702-3.
Hume, Robert Ernest. The Thirteen Principal Upanishads. Oxford University Press.
Johnston, Charles (1898). From the Upanishads. Kshetra Books (Reprinted in 2014). ISBN 9781495946530.
Müller, Max, translator, The Upani?ads, Part I, New York: Dover Publications (1879; Reprinted in 1962), ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-486-20992-X
Müller, Max, translator, The Upani?ads, Part II, New York: Dover Publications (1884; Reprinted in 1962), ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-486-20993-8
Radhakrishnan, Sarvapalli (1953). The Principal Upanishads. New Delhi: HarperCollins Publishers India (Reprinted in 1994). ISBN 81-7223-124-5.

???? ??????????

??????????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????:

???????????

??????????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????:

???????

The Upanishads translated into English by Swami Paramananda
Complete set of 108 Upanishads, Manuscripts with the commentary of Brahma-Yogin, Adyar Library
Upanishads, Sanskrit documents in various formats
The Upani?ads article in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
The Theory of 'Soul' in the Upanishads, T. W. Rhys Davids (1899)
Spinozistic Substance and Upanishadic Self: A Comparative Study, M. S. Modak (1931)
W. B. Yeats and the Upanishads, A. Davenport (1952)
The Concept of Self in the Upanishads: An Alternative Interpretation, D. C. Mathur (1972)

[5] The shared concepts include rebirth, samsara, karma, meditation, renunciation and moksha.^[4]

[7] The Upanishadic, Buddhist and Jain renunciation traditions form parallel traditions, which share some common concepts and interests. While Kuru-?????????, at the central Ganges Plain, formed the center of the early Upanishadic tradition, ???? ????-??? ???? at the central Ganges Plain formed the center of the other ????? traditions.^[5]

[1] "Upanishad". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.

[wendydoniger-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Wendy Doniger (1990), Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism, 1st Edition, University of Chicago Press, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0226618470, pages 2-3; Quote: "The Upanishads supply the basis of later Hindu philosophy; they are widely known and quoted by most well-educated Hindus, and their central ideas have also become a part of the spiritual arsenal of rank-and-file Hindus."

[3] Wiman Dissanayake (1993), Self as Body in Asian Theory and Practice (Editors: Thomas P. Kasulis et al), State University of New York Press, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0791410806, page 39; Quote: "The Upanishads form the foundations of Hindu philosophical thought and the central theme of the Upanishads is the identity of Atman and Brahman, or the inner self and the cosmic self.";
Michael McDowell and Nathan Brown (2009), World Religions, Penguin, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-1592578467, pages 208-210

[FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998xx-xxiv-4] Olivelle 1998, ?. xx-xxiv.

[FOOTNOTESamuel2010-6] Samuel 2010.

[gflood-8] Gavin Flood (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0521438780, pp. 35–39

[A_Bhattacharya_2006_pp._8–14-9] A Bhattacharya (2006), Hindu Dharma: Introduction to Scriptures and Theology, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0595384556, pp. 8–14; George M. Williams (2003), Handbook of Hindu Mythology, ??????????? ????????????? ?????????, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0195332612, p. 285

[Jan_Gonda_1975-10] Jan Gonda (1975), Vedic Literature: (Sa?hitās and Brāhma?as), Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-3447016032

[11] Patrick Olivelle (2014), The Early Upanisads, Oxford University Press, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0195352429, page 3; Quote: "Even though theoretically the whole of vedic corpus is accepted as revealed truth [shruti], in reality it is the Upanishads that have continued to influence the life and thought of the various religious traditions that we have come to call Hindu. Upanishads are the scriptures par excellence of Hinduism".

[12] Max Müller, The Upanishads, Part 1, Oxford University Press, page LXXXVI footnote 1

[1]

[2]

[3]

[note 1]

[note 2]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[4]

[5]

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