大智移云产业发展论坛·思客会
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????? ?? ?????? (????????: History of Hinduism) ?????? ?????? ???????????????? ?????????? ???????, ??????? ??????? [1] ????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????, ??????, ???????, ???????, ?????, ????????????, ??????? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????????????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??.???????? ??????? ??????? ?????????. ????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ????????????. ???????? ?????? ??????????, ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????. ???? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????????????????. ????? ?? ???????????? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ???????????.
????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????????????????? ??? ????? ????? ????????????? ??.?? 1900 ????? ??.?? 1400 ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????. [2][note 1] ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??.?? 800 ????? ??.?? 200 ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????. ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????, ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????, ????????? ???????????????? ????? ???? ?? ???????????????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??.?? 200 ????? ????? ??.?? 500 ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ????????? ?????. ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ????????.[?????? ????] ????????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ??? ?????????, ?????, ???????, ?????????, ?????????, ??????? ????????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????.
??? ????????????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????, ?????? ???? ????????? ???????. ???? ????? ??.?? 650 ????? ??.?? 1100 ???? ???? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????. ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????, ??????? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????.
????? ???? ??.?? 1200 ????? ??.?? 1750 ???????? ????????????? ??????????????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ????? ???????????? ????? ?????????????? ???????. [5][6] ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????????, ?????????? ??????? (Unitarianism) ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?????????? (Hindu reform movements) ???????. ??????? 1947 ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????. ??????? ???? 20-??? ???????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ????? ???? ?????????????? ???????????. ????? ?????????? ?????????, ??????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????.
?????? ???????
[????]???????????
[????]???????????
[????]- ↑ Brodd 2003.
- ↑ Michaels 2004, ?. 32-36.
- ↑ Witzel 1995, ?. 3-4.
- ↑ Flood 1996, ?. 21.
- ↑ Blackwell's History of India; Stein 2010, page 107
- ↑ Some Aspects of Muslim Administration, Dr. R.P.Tripathi, 1956, p.24
?????? ??????
[????]- Majumdar, R. C.; H. C. Raychauduri; Kaukinkar Datta (1960), An Advanced History of India, Great Britain: Macmillan and Company Limited, ISBN 0-333-90298-X, archived from the original on 2025-08-06, retrieved 2025-08-06
- Benjamin Walker Hindu World: An Encyclopaedic Survey of Hinduism, (Two Volumes), Allen & Unwin, London, 1968; Praeger, New York, 1968; Munshiram Manohar Lal, New Delhi, 1983; Harper Collins, New Delhi, 1985; Rupa, New Delhi, 2005, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 81-291-0670-1.
- Basham, A. L. (1967), The Wonder That was India