??????????

?????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????????????? ??? ???????????????? ????????? ???????????????. ???? ????????? ??????????? ????? ??????, ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????????.

百度　　张德江从5个方面总结了五年工作的主要体会。

????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? (acharya) (IAST: ācārya), ????? ????????????, ???????????, ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ?????. ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????????, ?????????? ?????????? ????? ????????. ???, ??????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????????????.^[1] ?????, ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????????????, ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????????. ???????, ??????????? ??? ???????????? ????? ?????????????? ????? ????????? ?? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????????.

?????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????. ???????????????: ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????????, ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????????????.

?????????????

????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? (?????????) ????? ?????? ???????????? ????????. ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????????????.

????? ?????????

????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? (??????) ????? ????????? ?????, ????????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ^[2] ??????????, ????????, ???????? ????????, ???? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????.

????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????????. ???????:

??????????????????, ?????? ?????? ??????????????.
????????????????, ??????????????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??????????.^[3]
????????????????? ????? ?????? ??????????????.^[4]
????????????????????, ?? ??????????? ???? ???? (?????????????) ?????? ??????????????.
??????????????, ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????.

???? ??? ????? ?????????????

??? ?????

??? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????????. ???? ????????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????????. ?????????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????????. ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????, ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????.

???????? ??????? ????????? ?????????

????????? (??????)

????????? ???? ????? ??????????, ????????? ???????? ??????????????? (??????? ???????) ????????????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????????????.

???????? ?????

????

???????????

↑ Platts, John T. (1884). A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English. London: W. H. Allen & Co.^{[??????????? ???????]}
↑ 2. ?????????
↑ He propagated the bhakti of Bhagwan Vishnu. Source: Ramanujacharya ????????????? 26 ?????? 2007 at the ??????? ?????????
↑ His philosophy is called dvaita vad. His primary teaching is that "the only goal of a soul is to selflessly and wholeheartedly love and surrender to God" Source: [1]
↑ Bhaskara I
↑ "Bhaskara II". Archived from the original on 2025-08-05. Retrieved 2025-08-05.

???? ??????????

[2]
Scriptural References to 'acarya'
Jain Monks, Statesmen and Aryikas ????????????? 2025-08-05 at the ??????? ????????? Dr. K. C. Jain

[1] Platts, John T. (1884). A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English. London: W. H. Allen & Co.^{[??????????? ???????]}

[2] 2. ?????????

[3] He propagated the bhakti of Bhagwan Vishnu. Source: Ramanujacharya ????????????? 26 ?????? 2007 at the ??????? ?????????

[4] His philosophy is called dvaita vad. His primary teaching is that "the only goal of a soul is to selflessly and wholeheartedly love and surrender to God" Source: [1]

[5] Bhaskara I

[6] "Bhaskara II". Archived from the original on 2025-08-05. Retrieved 2025-08-05.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

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