白百合昔日晒元宝哥萌照 曾说我只对儿子花痴
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???????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? (Christian apologetics) ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???????, ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????, ???????????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????. ????????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????????????????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???? ???. ????????????? "???????????" (??????? ????: ?πολογ?α) ?? ????????????? ????????? ???? "????? ????????", "??????? ????????", "??????? ?????????" ??????? ???????????.[1]
?????????? ???????? ???????????
[????]???????? ??? ?????????? "???????????" ???????? ??????????? ????????. ????? ????? ????????? ???????????, ??????? ????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????? (Origen), ?????????, ????????, ??????????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? (Fathers of the Church), ?????????????? ??????? ????, ??????????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ????.
????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???????? (Blaise Pascal) ?????????, ???? ????????? ??.??. ?????????? (G.K. Chesterton), ??.???. ?????? (C.S. Lewis) ?????????, ???????????? ?????? ??????? (Douglas Wilson), ??????? ???????????? (Alvin Plantinga) ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? (William Lane Craig) ????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ????.
???????? ????????? ????????? ??????, ????????? ??????????, ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????????. ???????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????, ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? "???????? ???????" (Christian polemic) ?????. ??? ??? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????????, ???? ???????? ???????? ????????????????? ????????. 1263il ?????????? ????????? ???????? "????????? ????????" (Disputation of Barcelona) ?????? ???????????.[2][3]
???????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????
[????]??????? ???????? "???????????" (apologia = ?πολογ?α) ??????? ???? "??????????????" (apologeomai = ?πολογ?ομαι) ???? ??????????????? ???????, "????? ?????????", "??????? ???????", "??????????", "??????? ?????????" ????? ??????????? ?????. ??? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????. ??????????? ??????? ????? ???????????.
?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????, ??????? ????-??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ????????? ???????, ??? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????????????, ??????????? ??????? ????????", ????????? ?????????? ??? "???????????" (apologia) ?????????.[4]
?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????????. ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????. ?????????? ??????????? ??.??. ???????? ???????????? ??????????. ??????? ??????????? (Gallienus) ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????????. ??.??. ???????? ???????????? ????????? 40 ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? "????????????? ????? ??????? ?????" (Little Peace of the Church) ????? ????????????????. ??????? ????????????? ?????? ?? ????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????. ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????. ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????????????. ???????????????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????????.
???????? ????????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????, ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????, ??????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ???????????????. ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? "???????????" ??????? ????????? ?????????????. ??????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? (?????: 284-311) ?????????. ?????? ??????????????? ??????????? ????????????.[5]
???????? ????????? "???????????" ??????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ???????????.[6] ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????????????????. ?????, ?????????? ????????????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????.[7] ???????????, ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????????.[8]
???????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????
[????]??.??. ???????? ????????????, ???????? ????????? ?????????, ?????????? ????????? ????????????????, ???????????? ???????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????? ????????????.[9] ??????, ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????????????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????.[10]
????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? "???????????? ??????" ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????, ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ??????, "???????????" ????????????. ???????, ???????? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????, ???? ????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????, ????????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????????. ??????, ????????????? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ???????, ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????, ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ????????????????? ??????? ?????????.[11]
????????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????????????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? (Eusebius) ?????. ???? ??.??. 3-4??? ???????????? ??????????. ?????????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????????????? ??? ????????????? ????????.[12]
?????????????? ?????? ????????? "???????????" ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????.[10] ???????, ?????? (Origen) ??????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ???????? ??????? ???????, ????? ??????????? ??????, ???? ????????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????.[13]
???? ??????????? ??????, ??????????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????, ????????? ????????, ??????????????? ?????????, ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? "?????????" ??????? ????????.[14]
?????????? ???????? (354-430) ????????? "?????????" ??????????? ???????????.[15]
"???????????" ?????? ??????????, ????, ????, ??????? ????????????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????????????. ???? ????? ????????????, ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ??????????? ??????.[16]
???????? ????????????? ?????????
[????]?????????? ??????????? ??????, ??? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????.[17] ???????????? ??? ?????? ?????????????? ????????.[18] ??????????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ????? ???????????? ??????????, ??????? ???????? ??????????, ??????????? ?????????.[19]
???????? ????????????????? ??????? ????????
[????]????????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????????????? ????????? ????????????????:
"?????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????????. ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ????????" (1 ?????? 3:15)
???? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????????.[20]
[[????? (????)|????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ????????????????? ????????? ???????????????. ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????, "?????????, ????????? ???? ????????????" ???? ???????? ?????? (????? 1:18).[21]
??????, ?????????????? ?????? ????????
"???????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????????????; ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????????" (?????????????? ???? 19:1)
??????? ????????? ???????? ??? "???????????" ?????? ???????? ???????????????.
??????????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????:
"??????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? - ??????, ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? - ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????. ???? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ?????" (???????? 1:20)
???????? ??????????????? ??????
[????]?????? ????????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? (1225–1274) ????? ?????????? ???? "???????? ?????????" (Summa Theologiae) ??????? ?????? ????????????. ???? ?????? "??? ????????????? ???????" (Summa contra Gentiles) ??????? ???? "?????????" ??????.[23][24]
?????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ??????? "??????????" (Pensées) ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????:
"????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????. ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??? ???????????????. ??????? ??? ???????? ???????, ???????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????????. ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????????????????? ????? ????????. ??? ????????????? ????????? ???????????????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????. ????????, ???? ?????? ????????????? ???? ????? ????????"
???? ????????? ???????? ???????????
[????]???? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ??????????. 20??? ???????????? ??????????????, ?????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ????:
- ??.??. ?????????? (G.K. Chesterton)[27]
- ??????? ?????? (Ronald Knox)
- ?????? ???????? (Karl Keating)
- ?????? ???? (Scott Hahn)
???????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ??.???. ?????? (C. S. Lewis)[28] , ????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????? ??????? (Norman Geisler), ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????????? (John Warwick Montgomery), ??????????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? (Francis Schaeffer).
??????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? (Gordon Clark), ??????????? ????? ???? (Cornelius Van Til) ?????????? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????.
??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????????: ???? ?????????? (Josh McDowell), ??? ?????????? (Ravi Zacharias), ???? ???? (Hugh Ross), ?? ?????????? (Lee Strobel, ???? ?????? ???????? (Hugo Anthony Meynell), ???????? ??. ???????? (Timothy J. Keller), ??????? ???????????? (Alvin Plantinga), ????????? ???? ?????? (William Lane Craig), ???? ????????? (William Lane Craig), ??????? ???????? (Peter Kreeft).
???????? ??????????????? ?? ??????
[????]???????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????? ????????:
- ????????, ???????? ????????? ????
- ???????? ????????? ????
- ????????? ????????? ????
- ????????? ????????? ????
- ?????? ????????? ????
- ??????? ????????? ????
- ??????? ????????? ????
- ???????? ????????? ????
????????, ???????? ????????? ????
[????]????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ???????????????? ????? ???????????, ???? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????????? ???????????? ??????????????. [29][30] ??????, ????????? ?????????????????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????????.[31] ???????? ??? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???. ??????? ???????? ??????????????.[32][33]
????????? ?????????
[????]????? ??????????? ?????????????????, ????? ?????????????? ????????????, ???????? ?????????????? ????????, ??????????????????? ?????? ?????????. ?????? ?? ??????????? ????????. ??.???. ?????? (C. S. Lewis),[34] ??????? ??????? (Norman Geisler)],[35] ????????? ???? ?????? (William Lane Craig) ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ????????????, ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ??????????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????.[36][37][38]
????????? ???????????? ????????? ????
[????]??????? ??????? (Peter Stoner) ??????? ???? "???????? ?????????" (Science Speaks) ??????? ??????, ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????????, ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ??????????.[39]
???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? (Josh McDowell) ??????? ???? ????????? ???????????????? ????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????????. ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????, ???? ???????? ????????? ??????????, ???? ???????????????? ????????? ??????????, ???? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????. ?????? ????????? ????, ?????????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ????????? ?????????.[40]
??????, ?????? ???????? (Blaise Pascal) ???????????, ???????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????????, ???????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????. ??????? ???????????????? ???????????, ??????????? ?????????????????? ??????????? ?????????. ????? ?????????? ??? ???????????????? ??????????????. ??????? ???????????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????????.[41]
??????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ????
[????]??????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????????. ??????, ????????????? ??????? ???? ??????? "???????????" ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????. ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ???? ??? "????????? ????????" (biblical canon) ?? ????????????????. ??????, ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????????? ??? ????????.
???? ?????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????????? ?????: ????????? ???? ??????? (Robert Dick Wilson), ??????? ???????? (Gleason Archer), ??????? ??????? (Norman Geisler), ???.??. ????????? (R. C. Sproul).
????????? ??????, ?????, ????, ?????????????? ????????? ???????????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ????????????????. ????????????????, ?????? ???????????? (Craig Blomberg) ?????? The Historical Reliability of the Gospels ??????? ?????? ?????????????.[42] ??????, ?????? ??. ????????? (Mark D. Roberts) ??????? ?????? Can We Trust the Gospels? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????.[43]
????????? ????????????? ????????? ????
[????]???????? ??????????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????. ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ????????????????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ???????, ??????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????????? ????????? ???? ?????.
???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????????. ?????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????????????:
1) "????????? ?????? ?????? ?????" (Cosmological argument) ??????? ???????? ??????: ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????.[44][45][46]
2) "?????? ?????? ?????? ?????" (Teleological argument) ??????? ???????? ??????: ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ??????. ????????????? ??????? ???????????. ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????. ???? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ????? (Cicero]), ??????? ???? (Thomas Aquinas), ????????? ???? (William Paley), ??????? ???? (Michael Behe) ???????????? ?????.[47]
3) "??????????????? ??????????" (Ontological argument) ??????? ???????? ??????. ???? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????.
4) "?????? ???????? ???????? ?????" (Moral Argument) ??????? ???????? ??????. ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????????, ???? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????????.[48]
5) "?????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????" (Transcendental argument) ??????? ???????? ??????. ???????, ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????, ????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????????????.
6) "??????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?????" (Argument from contingency) ??????? ???????? ??????. ?????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????????. ???? ???????????????? ?????????, ????? ???? ???????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????.
7) "?????? ????????????? ??????????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????" (Presuppositional Argument) ??????? ???????? ??????.
?????? ???????? (Blaise Pascal) ??????? ??????????? ????????????, ?????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????, ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????, ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????????? [49]
?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????????
[????]???? ??????????????, ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ??????. "????????? ????, ???????? ?????" ??????? ????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ??????????????. ??????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????. ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? (Peter Kreeft) ??????? ???? ????????????? ??????????????.[50]
??????, ???? ????????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????????????, ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ??????????????. ?.??.: ????????? ?????????? (Jonathan Edwards)[51]
???????? ???????? ???????? ???????????
[????]??????????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ?????????????? ????????. ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????.[52][53]
?????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ???????????,
"???????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????????????. ???? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????????????? ????????? ????? ??????????????. ??????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????" (?.??.?. ??? 287)
"[54]
????? ???????? (Marin Mersenne) ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ???????, ??? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????????.[55] ???? ?????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? (Matteo Ricci) (1552–1610) ????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????????.[56]
???? ????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????????.[57][58]
?????????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ???????, ??? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ????????????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????????????. "??? ?????????? ?????????? ??????" (Theistic Evolution) ????? ???????????, ???????????????? ??????????? ????? ??????, ???? ??????????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ???????, ????????, ?????????, ???????? ???????? ???????????. ???? ???????? ????????????? ????????????? "??????? ??????" ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????????. ?????? ????????? "????????? ??????." ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????????????????. ?????????? ?????? ????? (Denis Lamoureux) ??????? ?????? ???? Evolutionary Creation: A Christian Approach to Evolution ??????? ?????? ?????????????[59]
?????? ?????? ?? ???????? (Pierre Teilhard de Chardin) ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ????????, ??????????? ?????????? ?????? (????????????? ??????) ????????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????????.[60] ????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????????.[61]
????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????
[????]???? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????????????? ????? ???????; ???? ?? ????????? ???????????? ???? ?????????????? ??????? ???????; ????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????.
- ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ????? ????. ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????????. ????????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????? ??????? ???????????????. ??????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????????????????. ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ???????????? (?????? ???? 5:21-27) ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????????.[62][63] ?.??.: ???? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? (?????? ???? 6);[64][65] ?????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? (?????? ???? 11).[66][67][68] ????????? ???????? ???????????????????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????.
- ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ???? ????? ??????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????, ????????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????, ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????. ??????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????. ????????????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???????, ??? ????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????????. ????, ???????? ???????????? ????????? 13.8 ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????, ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????.[69] ?????, ???? 4.54 ????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????.[70]
??????? ????? ??? ??? ???????????:
1) ?????????????? 90:4: "???????, ?????? ????????, ??? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????."
2) 1 ?????? 3:8: "????????????????, ??????? ????? ????????? ????????. ????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????, ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????????."
?????, ?????? ??????? ??? "??? ????? ????????? ?????????? ???" ???? ?????? ?????????????. ??????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????, ??????????? ??????? ????? ????????????.
3) ???? ???? (Hugh Ross) ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????????, "????" ???????? ??????????? "????" (yom) ??????? ???????? ?????????? "???? ?????", "24 ?????? ??? ?????", "???????????" ????? ?? ????????? ?????. ????, ??? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???????????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????, ??????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????????????.[71][72]
- ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????, ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????????????.
????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????
[????]??? ?????????, ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????, ???????????? ??? ????????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???????.[73]
???????????
[????]- ↑ "?πολογ?α". Blue Letter Bible-Lexicon. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|unused_data=(help) - ↑ Kahlos, Maijastina (2007). Debate and Dialogue : Christian and Pagan Cultures c. 360-430. Aldershot: Ashgate. pp. 7–9. ISBN 0-7546-5713-2.
- ↑ Ernestine, van der Wall (2004). "Ways of Polemicizing: The Power of Tradition in Christian Polemics". In T L Hettema and A van der Kooij (ed.). Religious Polemics in Context. Assen: Royal Van Gorcum. ISBN 90-232-4133-9.
- ↑ Plato, Apology 24b; compared to Christian apologetics by Anders-Christian Jacobsen, "Apologetics and Apologies—Some Definitions," in Continuity and Discontinuity in Early Christian Apologetics (Peter Lang, 2009), p. 14.
- ↑ Kevin Butcher, Roman Syria and the Near East (Getty Publications, 2003) p. 378.
- ↑ Graham Anderson, The Second Sophistic: A Cultural Phenomenon in the Roman Empire (Routledge, 1993, 2003), p. 203.
- ↑ Jacobsen, "Apologetics and Apologies, p. 6.
- ↑ Mark Edwards, Martin Goodman, Simon Price and Christopher Rowland, introduction to Apologetics in the Roman Empire : Pagans, Jews, and Christians (Oxford University Press, 1999, 2002), pp. 10–11.
- ↑ Jacobsen, "Apologetics and Apologies, p. 8.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Jacobsen, "Apologetics and Apologies, p. 14.
- ↑ Maureen A. Tillby, "North Africa", in Cambridge History of Christianity: Origins to Constantine (Cambridge University Press, 2006), vol. 1, p. 388, citing the Martyrum Scillitanorum Acta.
- ↑ Margaret M. Mitchell, "Gentile Christianity," p. 107, and "Emergence of the Written Record" p. 193, in Cambridge History of Christianity, vol. 1.
- ↑ Jacobsen, "Apologetics and Apologies, p. 14 et passim.
- ↑ Dulles, Avery Robert Cardinal (2005). A History of Apologetics. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. pp. 31–42. ISBN 0-89870-933-4.
- ↑ Dulles, Avery Robert Cardinal (2005). A History of Apologetics. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. ISBN 0-89870-933-4.
- ↑ Jacobsen, "Apologetics and Apologies, pp. 19–20.
- ↑ Jacobsen, "Apologetics and Apologies, pp. 5, 17.
- ↑ Simon Price, "Latin Christian Apologetics: Minucius Felix, Tertullian, and Cyprian," in Apologetics in the Roman Empire, pp. 106–107. pp. 16–17, 22; p. 32, note 41.
- ↑ Adolf Martin Ritter, "Church and State up to c. 300 CE", in Cambridge History of Christianity, vol. 1, pp. 531–532.
- ↑ Sproul, R C (2009). Defending Your Faith. Wheaton: Crossway Books. p. 9. ISBN 1-4335-0315-8.
- ↑ Geisler, Norman L (1988). Christian Apologetics (Paperback ed.). Grand Rapids: Baker Book House. pp. 11–12. ISBN 0-8010-3822-7.
- ↑ Anderson, Owen (2008). Reason and Worldviews. Plymouth, U.K.: University Press of America. p. 2. ISBN 0-7618-4038-9.
- ↑ Dulles, Avery Robert Cardinal (2005). A History of Apologetics. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. p. 120. ISBN 0-89870-933-4.
- ↑ L Russ Bush, ed. (1983). Classical Readings in Christian Apologetics. Grand Rapids: Zondervan. p. 275. ISBN 0-310-45641-X.
- ↑ Pascal, Blaise. Pensées. p. 187.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (help) - ↑ Groothuis, Douglas (2011). Christian Apologetics. Downers Grove: IVP Academic. pp. 25–31. ISBN 0-8308-3935-6.
- ↑ Chesterton, G K (2008). The Everlasting Man. Radford: Wilder Publications. p. 180. ISBN 1-60459-246-X.
- ↑ Lewis, C S (2001). "The Shocking Alternative". Mere Christianity (HarperCollins ed.). San Francisco: HarperSan Francisco. pp. 54–56. ISBN 0-06-065288-8.
- ↑ Greenleaf, Simon. "Testimony of the Evangelists". University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
- ↑ Montgomery, John Warwick (2004). "The Jury Returns: A Juridical Defense of Christianity". In John Warwick Montgomery (ed.). Evidence for Faith. Edmonton: Canadian Institute for Law, Theology, and Public Policy. ISBN 1-896363-17-2. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
- ↑ Ankerberg, John. "Could the Evidence Stand-Cross Examination in a Modern Court of Law?". The Evidence for the Resurrection of Jesus Christ. Ankerberg Theological Research Institute. Archived from the original on 23 ???????? 2007. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (help) - ↑ Yamauchi, Edwin. "Easter: Myth, Hallucination, or History". Retrieved 8 May 2012.
- ↑ "Refuting the Myth that Jesus Never Existed". James Hannam. 6 October 2001. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
- ↑ Peters, Thomas C. (1997). Simply C. S. Lewis: A Beginner's Guide to the Life and Works of C. S. Lewis. Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway Books. pp. 180–184. ISBN 0-89107-948-3.
- ↑ Geisler, Norman L. (1988). Christian Apologetics. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic. pp. 29, 30. ISBN 978-0-8010-7186-7.
- ↑ "Are Miracles Logically Impossible?". Come Reason Ministries, Convincing Christianity. Retrieved 2025-08-06.
- ↑ ""Miracles are not possible," some claim. Is this true?". ChristianAnswers.net. Retrieved 2025-08-06.
- ↑ Paul K. Hoffman. "A Jurisprudential Analysis Of Hume's "in Principal" Argument Against Miracles" (PDF). Christian Apologetics Journal, Volume 2, No. 1, Spring, 1999; Copyright ?1999 by Southern Evangelical Seminary. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2025-08-06. Retrieved 2025-08-06.
- ↑ Chapter 2, Science Speaks, Peter Stoner
- ↑ McDowell, Josh. The New Evidence that Demands a Verdict. p. chapter 8.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help); Unknown parameter|nopp=ignored (help) - ↑ Pascal, Blaise (1966). Pensées. England: Penguin Group. pp. x, xii, xiii.
- ↑ Bloomberg, Craig (1987). The Historical Reliabilty of the Gospels. Downeres Grove: Inter-Varsity Press. ISBN 0-87784-992-7.
- ↑ Roberts, Mark D. (2007). Can We Trust The Gospels. Crossway. ISBN 978-1-58134-866-8.
- ↑ "Evidences for God from Space". Archived from the original on 2025-08-06. Retrieved 2025-08-06.
- ↑ "Apologetics Press - "So Long, Eternal Universe; Hello Beginning, Hello End!"". Archived from the original on 2025-08-06. Retrieved 2025-08-06.
- ↑ Keith H. Wanser, physics
- ↑ "A brief history of design". Archived from the original on 2025-08-06. Retrieved 2025-08-06.
- ↑ Morality Apart From God: Is It Possible?
- ↑ Challenging Believers to Think and Thinkers to Believe[??????????? ???????]
- ↑ Kreeft, Peter (1994). Handbook of Christian Apologetics. Downers Grove: Intervarsity Press. pp. 72. ISBN 0-8308-1774-3.
- ↑ Select Sermons | Christian Classics Ethereal Library
- ↑ Jitse M. van der Meer and Scott Mandelbrote, Nature and Scripture in the Abrahamic Religions: Up to 1700, BRILL, 2009, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 90-04-17191-6, p. 295.
- ↑ Kenneth Boa and Robert M. Bowman, Faith Has Its Reasons: Integrative Approaches to Defending the Christian Faith, Biblica, 2006, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 1-932805-34-6,p. 173.
- ↑ Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2nd ed. #287.
- ↑ Avery Cardinal Dulles, A History of Apologetics, 2nd ed., Ignatius Press, 2005, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-89870-933-4, p. 159.
- ↑ Jean Lacouture (tr. Jeremy Leggatt), Jesuits: A Multibiography, Counterpoint Press, 1997, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 1-887178-60-0, p. 189.[??????????? ???????]
- ↑ Louis Markos, Apologetics for the Twenty-First Century, Crossway, 2010, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 1-4335-1448-6, p. 134.
- ↑ James Stroud, Mere Christian Apologetics, Xulon Press, 2011, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 1-61379-449-5,p. 19.
- ↑ Evolutionary creation, Denis Lamoureux
- ↑ Dulles, p. 297 ff.
- ↑ Warning Considering the Writings of Father Teilhard de Chardin ????????????? 2025-08-06 at the ??????? ?????????, Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office, June 30, 1962.
- ↑ "Living for 900 years – Creation Magazine". Archived from the original on 2025-08-06. Retrieved 2025-08-06.
- ↑ CH311: Vapor canopy's effect on lifespan
- ↑ Why Does Nearly Every Culture Have a Tradition of a Global Flood?
- ↑ Get Answers: Noah's Flood
- ↑ Is there archaeological evidence of the Tower of Babel? - ChristianAnswers.Net
- ↑ CONFUSION OF LANGUAGES – Is there any reference in early Mesopotamian literature to what happened at the Tower of Babel?
- ↑ The Tower of Babel—Legend or History?
- ↑ "Cosmic Detectives". The European Space Agency (ESA). 2025-08-06. Retrieved 2025-08-06.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ↑ "The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved". The Geological Society of London 2001. 2001. Retrieved 2025-08-06.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ↑ Ross, Hugh (31 Dec. 1990). "Response to Genesis and the Big Bang by Gerald Schroeder". Reasons To Believe. Archived from the original on 2025-08-06. Retrieved 2025-08-06.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (help) - ↑ Russell, Ryan. "Day 1 (Genesis 1:1-5)". Genesis: verse-by-verse Bible Study. Christian Knowledge. Archived from the original on 2025-08-06. Retrieved 3 Dec. 2010.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ↑ Lewis, Gordon R. (1990). Testing Christianity's Truth Claims: Approaches to Christian Apologetics. Lanham, MD: University Press of America Inc.