?????????? ??????? ???????????

???????????
	??????????? ?????????

??????? ???????????
Napoléon I
??????? ???????????; Napoléon I
	?????????? ???????; ??????????? ??????; ?????? ????????????? ??????????; ???? ?????????????? ?????????
	??????????? ???? ?????????????, ????-???? ?????? 1812 ??? ????????
?????	?????? 20, 1804–?????? 6, 1814; ?????? 1, 1815–???? 22, 1815
?????????? ????	???????? 2, 1804
??????????????	???????? ??????????; ??????? ?????: ????????? ???? (?. 1793)
???????????	???????? ??? ??????????? ????; De Jure ??????????? II
????	????????? ?? ??????????; ??? ????
??????(???)	??????????? II
???????????
	??????????? ?????????
????	?????????
?????	?????? ?????????
????	?????????? ???????
???????	??????

百度说那些加了花式作料的煎饼馃子，天津本地人“基本上都不会买”恐怕也严重涉嫌夸大事实，老人们有口味偏好尚可信，说行色匆匆的上班族、小青年非“正宗”不吃，谁信呐！再说，天津也是“国际化大都市”，煎饼馃子都分出个“正宗”和“不正宗”来，在文化心态上就很不正宗，那意思别人家的、路边摊的煎饼馃子都是“庶出”、“别支”、“仿品”、“假冒”……干嘛呢，这是？（文/张翼）责编：刘思悦、李鹏宇

??????????? ????????? (Napoléon Bonaparte, 15 ?????? 1769 – 5 ?? 1821) ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????????, ??????? ??????????? ?????????. ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????????. ???? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ?????, ?????????? ?????????? ??????????, ?????????? ???????, ??????????? ??????, ?????? ????????????? ??????????, ???? ?????????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????????????.^[1]

?????????????? ?????? ????, ?????????? ???? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????. ?????????? ??????????? ????????, ???????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ???? ??????????? ???????. 1799 ??? ??????? ??? ?????????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????????. ????? ?????????????? ???????, ?????????? ???????????. 19 ??? ???????????? ????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ?????????.^[2] ???????????? ?? ???? ???????????????, ??????? ???????????????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???????????? ????????????????????. ???? ????????? ?????????????, ??????????????, ?????????????? ???? ???? ????????? ???????????????, ??????? ??????????????? ???????????.

1812 ??? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???????????? ??????????????? ??? ??????????????? ????????. ??????????????, ????????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????????????. ??????????????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????????. ???????? 1813 ???, ?????? ????????? ??????, ???????? ?????????????? ????????????? ?????? ???????????, ?????????????? ????????. 1814 ????????, ??????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????????. ??????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????????. ??????? 1815 ???? 18 ??? ????????? ?????????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????????. ???? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ??????????????? ??????????????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????.

????????? ?????????

???????????, 1769 ??? ????? ?????? 15 ??? ????, ?????????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????????????? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????. ????? ????????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ????????????. ???? ????????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????????.^[3] ???????? ??????????? ?? ????????????? ??????? ????? ???????. ???? ??????????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?? ????????????????.^[4] ????????? ????????????? ????????????? ?????????????, ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8] ??????? 16 ??? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????????? ???????.^[9] 2012 ??? ??????? ?????????????? ??.???.? ????????????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????..^[10] ???? ?????????????, ??????????? ??? E1b1c1 ???? 1200 ??? ????????? ?? ??????????????? ?????????. ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ????????.^[11]

????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ??? ???? ????????. 1777 ??? ??????? 16 ??? ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????????. ?????????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????. ????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????????????? ??????????????.^[12] ??????????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????????, ???????, ?????, ???????, ???????, ?????? ???? ????????? ?????????. ??? ????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????????.^[13] ??????????? ???? ????????? ???????????????? ????? ????????, 1771 ???? 21 ??? ????, ????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ????????.^[14]

??????????, ??????? ????????? ???????????, ????????? ????????????, ??????? ???????????????????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????????? ???????.^[15] 1779 ??? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ??????????. ?? ?????????, ????????-??-????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????.^[16] ???? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????????????.^[17] ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????. ?????????? ????? ???????????????, ??????, ????????? ???? ???????????? ????????????????? ????? ????? ????????; ?????? ?????????? ?????????.

??????????? ?????? ????????

1785 ????????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????, ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??????????.^[16]^{[note 1]} 1789 ?? ??????? ??????????????? ???? ???, ???????????, ??????, ??????, ??????? ???? ????????? ?????????????. ??? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????????, ?????? ???? ????????? ?????????. ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????? 1789?? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????.

"????? ????????????????????????? ???? ?????????! ???? ????????????, ??????????? ?????????????? ??????????????, ???? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????. ???? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????????!"^[19]

???????????, ??????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????????. ??????? ??????????, ???????????????, ??????????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??????????. ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????? ??????????. ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????????, ?????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????????????? ???, 1792 ??? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????? ??????? "??????" ???????????? ???? ?????? ?????????.^[20]

??????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????. ?????? ???????????????? ????? ?????? ???????????, ??????????? ????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ?????????????. ?????, ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ????????????? ??? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????. ??????????? ??????? ???? ??????????????? ??????????? ???? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ????? ???????.

?????? ???????? (1793)

1793 ??? ????? ????????, "??????????? ?????? ????????" ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ????????????. ??? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????? ????????????, ????????? ???????. ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????, ?????? ???????????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????. ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????. ????????????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ???????.

?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????. ???????? ????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????. ??? ????????? ????? ????? ????????????????, ??????? , ????????????? ???????? ????? ?????????. 24 ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????. ????? ????????? ???? "?????????? ???????????? ????" ???? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????.

??? ???? ????? ???????????????, ???????????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ??????????????? ????????? ????????????? ???? ????????????????? ?????????. ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????????.

???????

??????? ????? ??????????????? ??? ????? ?????????. ?????????? ?????????????. ???? ???? ??????????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????????. ???? ??????? ???????????? ???????????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????. ???????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ????????????. ?????, ???? ??????????? ??? ???? ??????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????????. ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????. ??????????? ????? ???????? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????????. ?????? ????? ?? ??????????????? ???????, ???????????. ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ????????. ????? ??????? ???????? ???????????.

????????? ??????

???? ?????????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????????? ????????. ????????????? ????????? ????? ????? ????????????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????, ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? (stomach cancer) ???????? ????? ?????????????????. ????????????? ????????????? ??????????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????????????. ?????, ??? ?????????. ??? ???????????????, ??????????????? ???? ???????? ??????????????? ??????????????. ?????? ??????, ???????? ???? ????? ?????????????, ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????, ??????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????????. ?????, ????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????. ????, ????????????? ???????, ?????? ??? ??????? ???????, ?????? ???? ???? ???????, ?????? ???????, ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????. ????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???, 70% ??????????? ?????? ????.

???????????

↑ He was mainly referred to as Bonaparte until he became First Consul for life.^[18]

???????????

↑ ???????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ??????
↑ Schom, Alan (1998). Napoleon Bonaparte (1. HarperPerennial ed.). New York: HarperPerennial. ISBN 0-06-092958-8.
↑ McLynn 1998, p.6
↑ Dwyer 2008, p.xv
↑ The court and camp of Bonaparte, J & J Harper, 1832, p. 17,Google Book
↑ Ida M. Tarbell, A Short Life of Napoleon Bonaparte, Kessinger Publishing, 2005, p. 1,Google Book
↑ The other conquest. Google Books. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
↑ French Fortifications, 1715–1815. Google Books. 30 November 2009. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
↑ McLynn 1998, p.2
↑ lefigaro.fr (15 January 2012). "Le Figaro – Mon Figaro : Selon son ADN,les ancêtres de Napoléon seraient du Caucase!". Le Figaro. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
↑ "Haplogroup of the Y Chromosome of Napoléon the First; Gerard Lucotte, Thierry Thomasset, Peter Hrechdakian; Journal of Molecular Biology Research". December 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
↑ Cronin 1994, pp. 20–21
↑ Harvey, R. The War of Wars, Robinson, 2006. p. 58-61.
↑ "Cathedral—Ajaccio". La Fondation Napoléon. Retrieved 31 May 2008.
↑ Cronin 1994, p.27
↑ ^16.0 ^16.1 Roberts 2001, p.xvi
↑ McLynn 1998, p.18
↑ McLynn 1998, p.290
↑ McLynn 1998, p.37
↑ McLynn 1998, p.55

[19] He was mainly referred to as Bonaparte until he became First Consul for life.^[18]

[1] ???????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ??????

[Schom_1998-2] Schom, Alan (1998). Napoleon Bonaparte (1. HarperPerennial ed.). New York: HarperPerennial. ISBN 0-06-092958-8.

[3] McLynn 1998, p.6

[dwyerxv-4] Dwyer 2008, p.xv

[5] The court and camp of Bonaparte, J & J Harper, 1832, p. 17,Google Book

[6] Ida M. Tarbell, A Short Life of Napoleon Bonaparte, Kessinger Publishing, 2005, p. 1,Google Book

[7] The other conquest. Google Books. Retrieved 3 August 2011.

[8] French Fortifications, 1715–1815. Google Books. 30 November 2009. Retrieved 3 August 2011.

[9] McLynn 1998, p.2

[10] ro.fr (15 January 2012). "Le Figaro – Mon Figaro : Selon son ADN,les ancêtres de Napoléon seraient du Caucase!". Le Figaro. Retrieved 20 February 2012.

[11] "Haplogroup of the Y Chromosome of Napoléon the First; Gerard Lucotte, Thierry Thomasset, Peter Hrechdakian; Journal of Molecular Biology Research". December 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2012.

[12] Cronin 1994, pp. 20–21

[13] Harvey, R. The War of Wars, Robinson, 2006. p. 58-61.

[14] "Cathedral—Ajaccio". La Fondation Napoléon. Retrieved 31 May 2008.

[15] Cronin 1994, p.27

[rxvi-16] 16.0 ^16.1 Roberts 2001, p.xvi

[17] McLynn 1998, p.18

[m290-18] McLynn 1998, p.290

[20] McLynn 1998, p.37

[21] McLynn 1998, p.55

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[note 1]

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[18]

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