????? ????????

????? ????????
????? ????????
???????	28 ????? 1925; ????????,????????, ????????, ??????????? ???????
??????	?????????? 24, 2004 (???? 79); ??????, ????????????, ???????
???????	??????, ???????
??????????	???????
???????	????????
????	?????????
???????????	???? ??? ????? ?????; Defence Research and Development Organisation; International Atomic Energy Agency; Ministry of Defence; National Institute of Advanced Studies
????? ???? ???????	Madras Christian College; King’s College London, United Kingdom
????????????	Operation Smiling Buddha; Operation Shakti; Indian nuclear programme
?????????	Padma Shri (1968); Padma Bhushan (1973); Padma Vibhushan (1975)

百度　　朋友全是反对的，没有支持的。

????? ???????? (Raja Ramanna:????? 28, 1925 - ?????????? 24, 2004): ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????. ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????. ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????????????;^[1] ??????????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????????????? ???????????; ???????????; ????????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????????????????.^[2] 1974 ??? ????? ?? ????? 18 ??? ???? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ????????????? ??????????? '?????????? ???????' (Operation Smiling Budhdha)???? ???????? ??????????????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????????.^[3]

???????? ??????

????

1925 ????? 28 ??? ???? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? [Tumkur] ?????????. ????????? ????? ??. ???????.???? ??????????? ????????? ???????. ?????? ????????????. ???? ???? ??????????????, ????? ?????????, ?????????????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ????????????? ?????????.^[1]^[4] ???????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????.^[4] ????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????, ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ???????????. ???????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????????.^[2]

?????

???????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????. ?????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????????. ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????????. ???????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????. ?????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ????????. ?????????????? ???????????, ????????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????????. ???????

?????????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ??????????. ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????. ????????? ?????? ????? ????,???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ????????????. ???????? ????????? [Nuclear Physics], ??????? ????????? [Reactor Physics], ??????????, ?????????? ???, ????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????. 1948 ??? ??????? ???????????? [Ph.D.], ????? ????? ????????? L.R.S.M ??????? ??????????? [Licentiate in Royal School of Music] ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????????. ????? ????????? ????? ????? ????????. ???????? ??? ??????, ??? ???????????? ???????.

??????

???????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????????????. 1944 ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????. ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????? ????? ?????????????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????????. ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???????????? (TIFR-Tata Institute of Fundamental Research) ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????????.^[1] 1949, ???????? 1 ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????????.^[4] ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ????, ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????.

??????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ???????. ?????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????????????? ????????? ????????.

????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????????. ???? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????. ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ????????????. ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????????. ??????????? ??????????????, ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????. ???? ???????????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? '?. ???. ????' ????????? ??? ??????? ???????????. ??????? ????????????????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????.

??? ????????

??????????, ????????, ???????? ??? ????????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ????? ?????????????????. ???? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??????????? ?????????????. 1956 ??? ????? ???? 4 ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? '??????' ?????????????? ????????????????. ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????, ?????????? ??????????? ??. ???. ??????????, ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????, ????????????? ??????? ??????????? ?. ???. ?????? ????????????. ???????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????????? ???????? ????????? ??. ??. ????????? ?????? ??????????????.

???????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????????. ?????????? ???????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????????. ??????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????????. ????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ???????. ?????????-235 ??? ??????????????????? ????????? ?????????????????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????. ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????. ???? ?????????, ???????????. ??????????????? ??????????, ????????????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????. ????? ??????? ??? ????????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????.

???????? ?????????? ??????? ????????, ???? ???????????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ??????????????? ?????????????? ???? ?????? ??????????. ??????? 1975 ??? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????. ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????????????????. ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????, ?????????? ??????? ???????, ??????? ???????????? ????????????, ?????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????????.^[5]

???????

1967- 68 ??? ????? ???????????, ??????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ???? ?????????????, 1971-73 ??? ???? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ????????????????? ???????? ????????????? ????????????? 1984 ??? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????????, 1987 ??? ??????????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????????, ???? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ????????, ????? ???????????, ????? ?????????????, ?????????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ?? ?????????????? ??????????????. ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????????????. ????????????? ?????? ???? ?????????????????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????????????????.

??????????? ????????????????? ???? ???????? ?? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????????. ????????? ????????? ???????????????? (??????????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ???), ????????? ??????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ????????????? ??????????????.

1972 ????? 1978 ??? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????, 1977-78 ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????????, ????????? ????????? ???????????? ???? ?????????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????????, 1986 ??? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????. 1977-79 ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????????????. ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ?????????????? ?????????????. ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????????? 10 ??????????????[1972-1978, 1981-1983] ??????? ?????????????.^[6]

????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???????! ??????????? ?????????? ????? ????? '?????????? ??????? ' [Code Name, Smiling Buddha] ??????? ????? ?????????, ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ????????! 1974 ?? ????? 18 ??? ???? ??????????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????????????????, ???? ??????????? ??????????. ??????? ???? ??. ????, ??????? ??????? ????????, ??????? ???? ???. ?????? ????????????? ?????? ???????, ?????????? ??????????? [Chairman, Atomic Energy Commission] ??????? ???? ??????? 1983 ??? ???????????????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????.

1990 ??? ??. ??. ???? ????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????????.^[1] 1997-?? ?????????? ????? ????????????? ?????????????. ????????????? ???? ????????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????????? ????????????. ????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????? [Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research], ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? [Indian Academy of Sciences (1977)], ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? [Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay (1972)] ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????.

???????????? ???????????

??????? ???????? ????????

1963??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????
1968 ??? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??????
1973??? ???? ??????? ??????
1984 ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???????
1985 ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????
1985-86 ??? ???. ??. ?????? ?????? ??????
1996 ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????????

?????? ????????????. ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???????.

??????????

???????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????????????. ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ?????????????? ??? ??????? ?????????????????????. ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????????.

???????

?????????????, ?????????????? ???????????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????. ???????? ????? ???????????, '???????? ???????? ' [Years of Pilgrimage (1991)], ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? [The Structure of Music in Raga & Western Systems (1993)] ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????.

?????

???????? 2004 ?????????? ????? 24 ??? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????.^[7]

????????????? ?????????????

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Raggi Mudde (November 16, 2011). "Of Equations and Ragas – Raja Ramanna". Karnataka. com. Retrieved ??????? 11, 2012.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Dr Subodh Mahanti. "Raja Ramanna India's Most Eminent Nuclear Physicist". Vigyan Prasar. Vigyan Prasar Science Portal. Archived from the original on 2025-08-05. Retrieved ??????? 11, 2012.
↑ "Dr. Ramanna". BARC. BARC: GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, DEPARTMENT OF ATOMIC ENERGY, BABHA ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE. Archived from the original on 2025-08-05. Retrieved ??????? 11, 2012.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 "Raja Ramanna Biography". Retrieved ??????? 11, 2012.
↑ NSC (January 2010). "Ariviyal aringargal.". Ariviyal oli.: 31-33.
↑ "Raja_Ramanna". Archived from the original on 2025-08-05. Retrieved ??????? 13, 2012.
↑ "Dr. Raja Ramanna's death news". Government of India- Deportment of Atomic Energy. Archived from the original on 2025-08-05. Retrieved ??????? 13, 2012.

???????????????

Raja Ramanna Biography
Of Equations and Ragas – Raja Ramanna
???? ?????????? ???? ????????????? 2025-08-05 at the ??????? ?????????
???? ??? ????? ????? ????????????? 2025-08-05 at the ??????? ?????????

?????? ????????????

Ramanna, Raja. Years of Pilgrimage: An Autobiography. New Delhi: Viking, 1991.
Srinivasan, M. R. From Fission to Fusion: The Story of India’s Atomic Energy Programme. New Delhi: Viking, 2002.
Singh, Jagjit. Some Eminent Indian Scientists. New Delhi: Publications Division, Govt. of India.
Sundaram, C.V., L. V. Krishnan, and T. S. Iyengar. Atomic Energy in India: 50 Years. Mumbai: Department of Atomic Energy, 1998.
Parthasarathy, K. S. Ramanna: a doyen among scientists, The Hindu, September 30, 2004.
Srinivasan, M. R. Ramanna & the nuclear programme, The Hindu, September 28, 2004.
Sreekantan, B.V. Raja Ramanna–Down the Memory Lane. Current Science, Vol. 87, No. 8, pp. 1150–51, 2004.
Rao, K. R. Raja Ramanna-A Personal Tribute. Current Science, Vol. 87, No. 8, pp. 1152–54, 2004.
Profiles in Scientific Research: Contributions of the Fellows. Vol.1. pp. 460–62. New Delhi: Indian National Science Academy, 1995.
Iyengar, P.K. Remembering Ramanna. The Hindu, September 25, 2004.

[Raggi_Mudde-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Raggi Mudde (November 16, 2011). "Of Equations and Ragas – Raja Ramanna". Karnataka. com. Retrieved ??????? 11, 2012.

[Raja_ramanna1-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Dr Subodh Mahanti. "Raja Ramanna India's Most Eminent Nuclear Physicist". Vigyan Prasar. Vigyan Prasar Science Portal. Archived from the original on 2025-08-05. Retrieved ??????? 11, 2012.

[Ramanna-3] "Dr. Ramanna". BARC. BARC: GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, DEPARTMENT OF ATOMIC ENERGY, BABHA ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE. Archived from the original on 2025-08-05. Retrieved ??????? 11, 2012.

[Raja_Ramanna-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 "Raja Ramanna Biography". Retrieved ??????? 11, 2012.

[Ariviyal_oli.-5] NSC (January 2010). "Ariviyal aringargal.". Ariviyal oli.: 31-33.

[indianscience-6] "Raja_Ramanna". Archived from the original on 2025-08-05. Retrieved ??????? 13, 2012.

[condolence-7] "Dr. Raja Ramanna's death news". Government of India- Deportment of Atomic Energy. Archived from the original on 2025-08-05. Retrieved ??????? 13, 2012.

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