????????????????

????????????????? ????????
????????:	Republic of South Africa
????:	iRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika
????:	iRiphabhlikhi yoMzantsi Afrika
??????????:	Republiek van Suid-Afrika
????????:	Repabliki ya Afrika-Borwa
?????? ????:	Rephaboliki ya Afrika Borwa
?????:	Rephaboliki ya Aforika Borwa
?????:	Riphabliki ya Afrika Dzonga
??????:	iRiphabhulikhi yaseNingizimu-Afrika
?????:	Riphabu?iki ya Afurika Tshipembe
Southern Ndebele:	iRiphabliki yeSewula Afrika
	???? ???????
	??????????: "?ke e: ?xarra ∥ke" (?Xam); "???????????? ???????"
	???????????: "???????????????? ???????????"
????????	???????????? (?????); ???? ????? (????????); ?????????????? (??????????);
????? ????	?????????????
????? ????(???)	11 ??????? ????; ????; ??????????; ????????; ????????; ??????; ??????; ?????; ?????; ?????; Ndebele; ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? Khoi languages; Nama; ????????; ???????; ???????????????; ???? ????; ?????????; ?????????; ?????????; ?????; ???????????????; ????????; ?????; ?????; ????; ????????; ??????????? ;
???? ??????? (2019)	80.7% ??????; 8.8% ?????????; 7.9% ????????????; 2.6% ???? ??????;
????? (2016)	78.0% ?????????? 58.3% ????????????? ; ?????????; 19.7% ???? ??????????; ; ; 10.9% ?????????; 4.4% ????????? ; ?????????? ???????; 1.6% ???????; 1.0% ????? ?????; 2.7% ?????????; 1.4% ?????????????????????;
??????	?????????????????
?????????	?????? ????????-????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????????
? ????????????	?????? ??????
? ???? ????????????	?????? ?????
? ????? ??? ??????	????? ???????
? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????	???????? ??????-??????
? ????? ???????	??????? ??????
??????????	????????????
? ?????	????? ???
? ?????	????? ??????????
??????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????
? ????????	31 ?? 1910
? ????????	11 ???????? 1931
? ????????	31 ?? 1961
? ???????????????	27 ?????? 1994
??????
? ???????	1,221,037 km2 (471,445 sq mi) (24???)
? ???? (%)	0.380
?????? ????
? 2022 ?????????	60 604 992 (2022 ?????????) (24???)
? 2011 ????????????	51,770,560
? ????????	42.4/km2 (109.8/sq mi) (169???)
??.?.?. (??.?.?.)	2022 ?????????
? ???????	$949 ????????? (33???)
? ??????????	$15,556 (96???)
??.?.?. (???????)	2022 ?????????
? ???????	$411 ????????? (39???)
? ??????????	$6,739 (92???)
???? (2014)	63.0; ????????
????? (2021)	0.713; ???? · 109???
??????	??????????????? ??????? (ZAR)
??? ?????	?.?.??+2 (SAST)
????? ???????	??????? ?????????: yyyy/mm/dd; yyyy-mm-dd;
?????? ?????????	???? ?????
?????????????	+27
?.???.? 3166 ????????	ZA
?????? ????	.za

百度在迈克尔·贝的外星汽车人们已经可以灵活矫健的在打斗中腾空翻滚的时候，陀螺的机甲战士们还在迈着一步一顿的步伐行走，缓慢而坚定挥出的每一拳似乎真的有千吨的重量。

???????????????? (South Africa) ????????????????? ???????? (RSA), ?????? ??????????????? ???????????? ???? ????????. ?????? 2,798 ?????????????? (1,739 mi) ) ???????? ???? ????????? ????????????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??????. ^[14] ^[15] ^[16] ?????? ???????, ??????????, ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????. ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??????. ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????????? . ^[17] ???? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? . ???????????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????. ?????, ??????????? ????????????????, ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????. 60 ??????????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????????. ?????? 23-??? ???? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????? 1,221,037 ???? ?????????????? (471,445 ???? ???????) ?????????? ???????????. ???????????????????? ????????????, ?????????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????, ??? ?????? ???????, ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????. ???????????????????? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ?????.

??????????????

"????????????????" ???? ????? ??????????????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????????????????? ???????????. ????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ??????? ?????? ????????, Unie van Zuid-Afrika ??????? ??????????????. ??? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ???????????. 1961 ?????, ???????????? "???????????????? ????????" ??????? ?????????? ???????? Republiek van Suid-Afrika ??????? ???????????????? . 1994 ?????, ???????????????????? 11 ????????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????????.

??????

???????????? ??????? ?????????

???????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????????. ^[18] ^[19] ^[20] ????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????????. ???????????? ????? ??????????? ???? ????????????, " ????????????? ???????? " ????????????. ???????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????????????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???? ?????? (???? ????? ?????????????) 1924 ??? ???????? ???????,

?????????? ???????

???????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? (UN) ?????? ??????????? ????????, ??????? ???? ???????? ?.?? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????. ^[21] ???????????????? ?????????? ???????????? (AU) ?????? ??????????????? ?????????, ?????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ????????? ????? ??????????????? ??????????? .??????? ?????????? ???? ?????, ???????????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ???????????????.

????????, ?????? ???????? ????????, ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????????.

??????? ?????????

????? ?????? ?????????? ??????. ??????????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ????????????????????, ??? ??????? ????? ??????????????? ?????-???????? ????????? ???????????????????? ???????????????????????. ?????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????????????????. ????? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????????????????????????? ????????????????????????; ????? ?????????, ?????, ???? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ????????.

?????????? 52 ???????????? ??????????????????: 8 ???????????? ??????? 44 ?????? ??????????? ????? . ?????? ??????????? 205 ??????? ???????????? ??????????????????.

???????	????? ????????	?????????? ?????	????? (???? ² ) ^[22]	?????? ???? (2016) ^[23]	?????? ???? (2020) ^[24]
??????? ????	????	?????? ????????	168,966	6,996,976	6,734,000
???????? ????	??????????????	???????????????	129,825	2,834,714	2,929,000
??????	?????????????	?????????????	18,178	13,399,724	15,488,000
????????-?????	???????????????????	??????	94,361	11,065,240	11,532,000
????????	??????????	??????????	125,754	5,799,090	5,853,000
????????????	???????????	??????????	76,495	4,335,964	4,680,000
????????	???????	???????????????	104,882	3,748,435	4,109,000
?????? ????	?????????	?????????	372,889	1,193,780	1,293,000
?????? ????	??? ????	??? ????	129,462	6,279,730	7,006,000

?????????

???????????????? 4 ???? 1994 ??? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????? ^[25] ??????? 1995??? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????. ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??????????, ??? ???? ^[26], 2006 ????? ?????????? ???????????. ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????. ^[27]

?????????

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (PDF) (2013 English version ed.). Constitutional Court of South Africa. 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 August 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 "South Africa at a glance | South African Government". www.gov.za. Archived from the original on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
↑ "Principal Agglomerations of the World". Citypopulation.de. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
↑ The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (PDF) (2013 English version ed.). Constitutional Court of South Africa. 2013. ch. 1, s. 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 August 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
↑ "Mid-year population estimates" (PDF). Statistics South Africa. 29 July 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
↑ "South Africa – Community Survey 2016". www.datafirst.uct.ac.za. Archived from the original on 25 November 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
↑ "Mid-year population estimates 2022" (PDF). stats sa. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
↑ Census 2011: Census in brief (PDF). Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. 2012. pp. 23–25. ISBN 978-0621413885. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 May 2015.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022". IMF.org. ????????? ???? ???????. October 2022. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
↑ "Gini Index". World Bank. Archived from the original on 29 May 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2018.
↑ "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF) (in ????????). ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????. 8 September 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
↑ "Data Source Comparison for en-ZA". www.localeplanet.com. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
↑ "Data Source Comparison for af-ZA". www.localeplanet.com. Archived from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
↑ "South African Maritime Safety Authority". South African Maritime Safety Authority. Archived from the original on 29 December 2008. Retrieved 16 June 2008.
↑ "Coastline". The World Factbook. CIA. Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2008.
↑ "South Africa Fast Facts". SouthAfrica.info. April 2007. Archived from the original on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 14 June 2008.
↑ Guy Arnold. "Lesotho: Year In Review 1996 – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Encyclop?dia Britannica. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
↑ {{cite book}}: Empty citation (help)
↑ Deacon, HJ (2001). "Guide to Klasies River" (PDF). Stellenbosch University. p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2011. Retrieved 5 September 2009.
↑ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
↑ Schlesinger, Stephen E. (2004). Act of Creation: The Founding of the United Nations: A Story of Superpowers, Secret Agents, Wartime Allies and Enemies, and Their Quest for a Peaceful World. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Westview, Perseus Books Group. pp. 236–7. ISBN 978-0-8133-3275-8.
↑ Stats in Brief, 2010 (PDF). Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. 2010. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-621-39563-1. Retrieved 14 January 2011.
↑ "Community Survey 2016 In Brief" (PDF). Statistics South Africa. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
↑ Stats in Brief, 2020: Mid 2020 official estimates from Statistics South Africa, Pretoria.
↑ "List of Parties". Archived from the original on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
↑ "South Africa's National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
↑ "Biodiversity of the world by countries". Institutoaqualung.com.br. Archived from the original on 1 November 2010. Retrieved 30 May 2010.

?????? ??????

A History of South Africa, Third Edition. Leonard Thompson. Yale University Press. 2001. 384 pages. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-300-08776-4.
Economic Analysis and Policy Formulation for Post-Apartheid South Africa: Mission Report, Aug. 1991. International Development Research Centre. IDRC Canada, 1991. vi, 46 p. Without ISBN.
Emerging Johannesburg: Perspectives on the Postapartheid City. Richard Tomlinson, et al. 2003. 336 pages. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-415-93559-8.
Making of Modern South Africa: Conquest, Segregation and Apartheid. Nigel Worden. 2000. 194 pages. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-631-21661-8.
South Africa: A Narrative History. Frank Welsh. Kodansha America. 1999. 606 pages. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 1-56836-258-7.
South Africa in Contemporary Times. Godfrey Mwakikagile. New Africa Press. 2008. 260 pages. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-9802587-3-8.
The Atlas of Changing South Africa. A. J. Christopher. 2000. 216 pages. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-415-21178-6.
The Politics of the New South Africa. Heather Deegan. 2000. 256 pages. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-582-38227-0.
Twentieth-Century South Africa. William Beinart Oxford University Press 2001, 414 pages, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-19-289318-1.

????????? ??????????

Scholia has a country profile for ????????????????.

??????????????? ?????????
Chief of State and Cabinet Members ????????????? 2025-08-05 at the ??????? ?????????
South Africa ????? ?????????? ???????
?????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????????????? ????????????? 2025-08-05 at the ??????? ?????????
???????????????? ?????? ????? ???????????
SouthAfrica.info ????????????? 2025-08-05 at the ??????? ?????????
Wikimedia Atlas of South Africa

South Africa from UCB Libraries GovPubs
South Africa from the BBC News
??????????:Osmrelation-inline

30°S 25°E? / ?30°S 25°E? / -30; 25

[constitution-1] 1.0 ^1.1 The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (PDF) (2013 English version ed.). Constitutional Court of South Africa. 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 August 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2020.

[South_Africa_at_a_glance-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 "South Africa at a glance | South African Government". www.gov.za. Archived from the original on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.

[3] "Principal Agglomerations of the World". Citypopulation.de. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2011.

[constitution.1.6-4] The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (PDF) (2013 English version ed.). Constitutional Court of South Africa. 2013. ch. 1, s. 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 August 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2020.

[5] "Mid-year population estimates" (PDF). Statistics South Africa. 29 July 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2019.

[6] "South Africa – Community Survey 2016". www.datafirst.uct.ac.za. Archived from the original on 25 November 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2018.

[statssa_2022-7] "Mid-year population estimates 2022" (PDF). stats sa. Retrieved 8 September 2022.

[cib11-8] Census 2011: Census in brief (PDF). Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. 2012. pp. 23–25. ISBN 978-0621413885. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 May 2015.

[IMFSA-9] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022". IMF.org. ????????? ???? ???????. October 2022. Retrieved December 23, 2022.

[wb-gini-10] "Gini Index". World Bank. Archived from the original on 29 May 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2018.

[HDI-11] "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF) (in ????????). ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????. 8 September 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.

[12] "Data Source Comparison for en-ZA". www.localeplanet.com. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.

[13] "Data Source Comparison for af-ZA". www.localeplanet.com. Archived from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.

[:2-14] "South African Maritime Safety Authority". South African Maritime Safety Authority. Archived from the original on 29 December 2008. Retrieved 16 June 2008.

[15] "Coastline". The World Factbook. CIA. Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2008.

[safacts-16] "South Africa Fast Facts". SouthAfrica.info. April 2007. Archived from the original on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 14 June 2008.

[17] Guy Arnold. "Lesotho: Year In Review 1996 – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Encyclop?dia Britannica. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2011.

[18] {{cite book}}: Empty citation (help)

[19] Deacon, HJ (2001). "Guide to Klasies River" (PDF). Stellenbosch University. p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2011. Retrieved 5 September 2009.

[20] Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019.

[Schlesinger-21] Schlesinger, Stephen E. (2004). Act of Creation: The Founding of the United Nations: A Story of Superpowers, Secret Agents, Wartime Allies and Enemies, and Their Quest for a Peaceful World. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Westview, Perseus Books Group. pp. 236–7. ISBN 978-0-8133-3275-8.

[22] Stats in Brief, 2010 (PDF). Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. 2010. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-621-39563-1. Retrieved 14 January 2011.

[2016CS-23] "Community Survey 2016 In Brief" (PDF). Statistics South Africa. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2018.

[24] Stats in Brief, 2020: Mid 2020 official estimates from Statistics South Africa, Pretoria.

[25] "List of Parties". Archived from the original on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2012.

[cbd.int-26] "South Africa's National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2012.

[27] "Biodiversity of the world by countries". Institutoaqualung.com.br. Archived from the original on 1 November 2010. Retrieved 30 May 2010.

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[17]

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[25]

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[27]

?? ? ?? ??8 ??????? ??8+5
??8 ?????????????	???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? (??????????) ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????????
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?????? ???????????	??-7 ??4 ??-20

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?????????	???????????????? 2009 ?????????? 2010 ?????? 2011 ???? ?????? 2012 ?????? 2013 ???????????? 2014 ???? 2015 ???? 2016 ????????2017 ????????????? 2018 ?????????2019 ???? ??????????????? 2020 ???? ?????? 2021 ???????? 2022
????????? ???????	????????–???? ????????–??????? ????????–??????? ????????–???????????????? ???????-???? ????–??????? ????–???????????????? ???????–??????? ???????–???????????????? ???????–????????????????
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???????? 17 ????????????????? ???????????? ??????	2016 ???? 2018 ?????????????

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